How Progress Ends: Technology, Innovation, and the Fate of Nations

Carl Benedikt Frey

The economist behind the automation research, on why technological progress stalls and who stalls first.

Carl Benedikt Frey, known for the work estimating how many jobs are exposed to automation, turns to the conditions under which innovation slows: concentration, central planning, the loss of competitive pressure, and the institutions that either sustain experiment or suppress it. The comparison with China runs throughout, and the claim is that progress is contingent rather than automatic.

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Tyler Cowen

There is Carl Benedikt Frey, How Progress Ends: Technology, Innovation, and the Fate of Nations.

Source · August 2025

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